Carcinoma

As appropriate - tumour biopsy, including FNAB fresh tissue may be required - consult pathologist. Cytological examination of associated fluids (eg, effusions); tumour markers (serum). Generally, tumour markers should not be used as screening tests for the presence of malignant disease in asymptomatic individuals. They are often unreliable for the detection of malignancy: a negative result does not exclude malignancy, a positive result does not establish the diagnosis of malignancy. If the patient has proven carcinoma, and tumour markers are positive, the marker(s) can be used to monitor disease progress. Chromosome analysis (cytogenetics oncology) and molecular genetics testing of tumour tissue are used as prognostic indicators in an increasing number of tumours.(Consult pathologist) A history suggestive of familial or genetic cancer requires follow up. See also entries for specific tumours/sites and complications of advanced/metastatic cander.