Worm infection

Clinical manifestations depend on stage of life cycle and site of infection.

Geographical exposure may indicate which parasites are likely.

Faeces - ova, cysts and parasites; macroscopic identification of live worm passed in faeces.

Histological diagnosis on tissue biopsy (eg, Schistosoma haematobium). 

Specific serology to detect antibodies against certain helminths is available, but generally these tests do not distinguish between previous and present infection.